Mexico Revolutionary Oaxaca 1813, 2 Reales NGC XF40, Rare !

Description

Oaxaca, War of Independence, 2 Reales, 1813, KM226.1.
Graded NGC XF40 Brown, Census [3/4], total of 16.  PCGS Population [0/2], total of 2.  Scarce in this condition!
Dark mahogany brown surfaces.
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Oaxaca
(English:
/wəˈhækə/
wə-HA-kə,
also US:
/wɑːˈhɑːkɑː/
wah-HAH-kah,
Spanish:
[waˈxaka], from Classical
Nahuatl: Huāxyacac [waːʃˈjakak]), officially the Free and
Sovereign State of Oaxaca (Spanish:
Estado Libre y
Soberano de Oaxaca
), is one of the 32 states that compose the
Federative Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 570 municipalities,
of which 418 (almost three quarters) are governed by the system of
usos y costumbres
(customs and traditions)
with recognized local forms of self-governance. Its capital city is
Oaxaca de Juárez.
Oaxaca is in southwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of
Guerrero to the west, Puebla to the northwest, Veracruz to the north,
and Chiapas to the east. To the south, Oaxaca has a significant
coastline on the Pacific Ocean.
During the 19th century, Oaxaca and the rest of Mexico was split
between liberal (federalist) and conservative (centralist) factions.
The political and military struggles between the factions resulted in
wars and intrigues. Vicente Guerrero, a liberal, was executed by
firing squad in Cuilapam in 1831. Liberal Manuel Gomez Pedraza became
governor in 1832 but was opposed by General Estaban Moctezuma. He and
commandant Luis Quintanar persecuted liberals in the state, including
Benito Juárez. The constant warfare had a negative effect on the
state’s economy and those in the Tehuantepec area supported a
separatist movement which was partially successful in the 1850s.
Two Oaxacans, Benito Juarez
and Porfirio Díaz were prominent players in the Reform War. It is
difficult to overstate Juárez’s meaning to the state. He was born on
March 21, 1806, in the village of San Pablo Guelatao and was full
blooded Zapotec. He began his career studying to be a priest then a
lawyer. In 1847, Juarez became governor of Oaxaca, but still faced
stern opposition from conservatives such as Lope San Germán. With
the success of the Plan de Ayutla, Juarez became governor again, and
worked to remove privileges and properties from the Church and landed
classes. The Constitution of 1857, was ratified in Oaxaca city, and
Juarez left the governor’s position to become President of Mexico. He
was president during one of Mexico’s most turbulent times, fighting
invading French forces and conservatives. As a liberal, he imposed
many of the reforms which remain today including those in education
and separation of church and state. He is also considered to be a
legend and a symbol for the indigenous population of the state.
Porfirio Díaz was Juárez’s ally through the French Intervention.
French imperial forces took Oaxaca city, which was defended by
Porfirio Díaz, landing the latter in prison. The capital was later
recaptured by the liberals under Carlos Oronoz. However, soon after
Juarez took back the presidency, Porfirio Díaz declared rebellion
against him from Oaxaca in 1872 under the Plan de Tuxtepec. Juárez
died in office. Diaz would succeed in obtaining the presidency and
did not relinquish it until the Mexican Revolution.
Late
19th century to present
During Diaz’s rule, called the Porfiriato, a number of
modernization efforts were undertaken in the state such as public
lighting, first with gas then with electricity, railroad lines, new
agriculture techniques and the revitalization of commerce. However,
most of the benefits of these advances went to national and
international corporations and workers and indigenous farmers
organized against the regime.
After the Mexican
Revolution broke out, Diaz was soon ousted and the rest of the war
was among the various factions that had power in different parts of
the country. Various leaders such as Francisco I. Madero, Victoriano
Huerta and Venustiano Carranza came to the state during this time.
However; the most important force in the area was the Liberation Army
of the South under Emiliano Zapata. This army would ally and fight
against the previous leaders, especially Venustiano Carranza, and
hold various portions of the state until 1920. At the end of the
Revolution, a new state constitution was written and accepted in
1922.